Ports & Terminals Creating a Culture of Maintenance Safety

in News
TagsEngineering, engineering and equipment, Equipment, Martin Engineering

Apr 2

For bulk handling in ports and terminals, production uptime and meeting projected targets are naturally some of management’s primary goals. In some instances, quarterly or annual bonus structures can be tied to these targets. Although this bonus structure seems like an incentive program, it can harm long-term profitability and safety.

Fixating on production can lead to a culture of running the “equipment to failure,” which inevitably results in serious safety issues. Failure on a conveyor belt could mean 1) equipment detachment, causing belt damage and sparking, or, 2) components freezing, leading to belt damage from friction and heat. Both instances can result in a belt fire spreading quickly throughout the facility, putting every employee in danger as the operation’s future goes up in smoke. [Fig. 1]

Figure 1- Frozen rollers need to be identified immediately to avoid expensive belt damage and friction fires.

A “Production Done Safely” approach results in longer periods of uptime and greater production over the long term. When devising the conveyor production schedule, managers should allow ample downtime for necessary maintenance with proper lockout/tagout procedures and updated employee certifications for specified procedures, such as confined space entry, hot work, etc. Scheduled shutdowns facilitate these maintenance activities.

However, a safety-focused production schedule is only the first step. Belt conveyors are some of the most essential and powerful production systems in a bulk handling operation, so this article will focus on conveyor systems. It will offer practical advice on approaches and procedures to improve safety and maintain healthy production targets.

Observation and Logging

Whether it is an internal “belt boss” or a contracted service expert, system inspectors walk along the conveyor system, observing its function. A trained and experienced technician will use sight, sound, and even smell to detect changes and issues in the system. Martin Engineering’s program is called “Walk the Belt™,” where a trained Martin Service Technician (MST) will perform a routine inspection and servicing of conveyors within an operational facility.[Fig. 2]

Figure 2 – The Walk the Belt program provides a detailed report of conveyor observations and recommendations focused on prevention.

During this process, they inspect its operation, make minor adjustments or perform cleaning activities, and note any significant issues requiring further attention. It indicates the approximate life of wear parts, informing managers of windows in which to schedule a full or partial shutdown. This also provides the mean time between failures (MTBF), which is a valuable metric for performance.

The belt inspector should document observed problems, for instance, they might note issues like “The center roller on idler number 127 on Conveyor B is not turning” or “There is significant spillage at the tail of Conveyor 3.” It is crucial to immediately record these observations and use a digital camera or smartphone to capture photos for evaluation.

Figure 3 – Taking a moment to observe a full rotation of the belt allows inspectors to see several potential issues.

At certain points, particularly at the head pulley and tail pulley, the inspector should hold and carefully observe the belt’s operation for at least one full revolution, preferably empty. This allows for a thorough examination of the belt’s condition, including its edges, splices, top cover, and tracking. [Fig. 3]

Edge damage indicates mistracking. Either the belt is not centered on the tail pulley entering the loading zone, there is a significant shifting of cargo after the loading zone, or mistracking during discharge and return. If none of these factors exist, there may be bowing or camber in the belting.
Splice damage from direct material impacts or edge wear needs to be remedied immediately once it is detected. A broken splice can cause dangerous contraction on a fast-moving and tensioned belt that could kill a worker who happens to be nearby.
Gouges and dents in the top cover can hide fines that surpass the primary cleaner and spill along the return path of the conveyor, causing dust and spillage. This may require a secondary or tertiary belt cleaner to adequately clean the belt, improve air quality, and avoid the extra labor for cleaning.
Most systems come with “belt tracking,” but those are usually mere shields that prevent contact with the stringer, resulting in friction damage and the belt folding over upon itself. There are well-tested tracking systems that detect slight variations in the belt and use the belt’s energy to pivot a specialized troughed idler and redirect the belt back to the centered position.

Mean Time Between Failures

MTBF is the average uptime between unscheduled outages.[Fig. 4] It is a vital performance metric to measure safety and equipment design. MTBF also shows the relationship between maintenance and uptime. From an accounting perspective, it aids in determining the new equipment’s return on prevention (ROP) as compared to existing equipment.^[1]

Figure 4 – Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)

To calculate MTBF, review the history of the system or equipment, compile the times between each failure, add them together, and divide by the number of periods. For example, six failures have five periods of uptime between, so if the total uptime is 22 days, dividing that by five makes the mean 4.4 days. To increase the impact of the dataset, add the number of workers and man-hours for each downtime period and calculate the direct cost in labor.

Human Factor Engineering

Engineering decisions for retrofitted system changes are supposed to consider spatial restrictions, production limitations, bulk material traits, workplace safety, etc., and designers should account for those factors. However, they often inadvertently contribute to maintenance challenges. Examples include awkward component spacing, inaccessible parts, or non-repairable systems with permanent fasteners.

Managers could point out the creation of a production schedule that includes shutdowns, causing designers to engineer systems around major service events. Unfortunately, this may cause designers to overlook the routine maintenance tasks like idler lubrication or belt cleaner upkeep, which may require short stints of downtime here and there to avoid dangerous maintenance around a moving belt.

“Human factor engineering” and ergonomics optimize the interaction between people and machinery, enhancing safety and operational efficiency. Although it might raise installation costs, consider how the long-term benefits of features such as walkways, platforms, and easy access to utilities like water, electricity, and compressed air can significantly enhance maintenance efficiency.

A conveyor system’s optimal performance is tied to the performance of the people who maintain it. Components designed for easy adjustment or replacement, such as track-mounted idlers, cradles, and belt cleaners that pull away from the system, can promote routine maintenance and lower the cost of operation because they take the pain out of servicing. This reduces the number of people needed for the task and drastically cuts the maintenance time.[Fig. 5]

Figure 5 – Replacement of the secondary belt cleaner blades from outside the system is faster, safer, and more ergonomic.

Safe Maintenance

Engineering solutions are gradually changing the perception that one can either work safely or work quickly, but not both. Martin Engineering’s Center for Innovation in Illinois develops methods to enhance the safety, longevity, and efficiency of existing equipment. Accessibility plays a significant role in this, prompting Martin Engineers to introduce the Trac-mount™ system for conveyor components

“Track mounted” conveyor equipment is a key innovation. The lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedure should always be observed. Installing a track-mounted component means it slides away from the system into the accessible walkway allowing for easy service. This prevents workers from having to slide under or precariously reach into the system.

Wear components that should be track-mounted include:

Belt cleaners – Primary, secondary, and tertiary cleaners dislodge stuck-on material to ensure it does not carry back and spill along the belt path, creating dust and requiring cleanup.
Idlers – When they seize, friction damage can rapidly erode the unprotected side of the belt and potentially lead to a conveyor fire.
Cradles – Used at transfer points, they are bumpers that help seal the enclosure. Although designed to minimize drag and friction, they eventually erode and require flipping or replacement.[Fig. 6]

Figure 6 – Placed on a track with handles, the unit can be serviced at shoulder height without full removal.

Rolling components on conveyor systems depend on proper lubrication to ensure longevity and avoid seizure. Follow manufacturer recommendations and avoid over-lubrication, as it can attract abrasive dust buildup that damages bearing seals, increases friction, and reduces bearing life. Lubricant spillage onto belts can also degrade their lifespan and create safety hazards on walkways and platforms.

A good way to identify operational issues during the inspection and right after installation is to gradually initiate the conveyor at a reduced speed, closely monitoring the belt while increasing to normal operating speeds. This gradual “breaking in” process ensures smooth and efficient conveyor operation.

By implementing these comprehensive maintenance and operational practices, conveyor systems can operate reliably and efficiently, minimizing downtime and optimizing productivity.

Storage Strategies for Reduced Downtime

As tempting as it may seem, no facility has the space to accommodate all the components it needs at once. However, maintaining a stockpile of spare parts is essential for minimizing downtime. With effective inspection reporting, operators can identify commonly damaged parts and worn components, such as belt-cleaner blades, impact bars, idlers, and emergency belt fasteners, that can be stockpiled for quick access.

Using the same manufacturer for your conveyor components makes creating a “boneyard” for storing decommissioned parts an excellent resource for replacement items. If kept clean, organized, and sheltered from the elements, these components can potentially carry the operation through to the next scheduled shutdown.

Keep in mind that some wear parts, such as polyurethane blades and rubber skirting, can have a shelf life of as little as two years. Additionally, some components are prone to rust or expansion and contraction over seasons, so maintaining a simple dating and rotation schedule is recommended.[Fig. 7]

Figure 7 – Field tests have shown that fresh cleaner blades last longer and offer better performance.

Not Everything Can Be Planned

It would be naïve to imply that everything is preventable. Maintenance managers often struggle to stay ahead of breakdowns in older facilities where improvements are incremental due to budget constraints. If an employee identifies a risk, such as a tramp iron lodged in the structure, an overheating idler, or a fire hazard like smoldering material buildup, the first action should be to activate the belt stop switch. Safety always takes precedence over downtime.

Fostering a culture where staff have the autonomy to act without hesitation to ensure their own well-being and that of their colleagues is essential for Production Done Safely. In situations where quick decisions are crucial, employees should not hesitate or weigh their fear of possible termination against the need to engage the emergency shutoff switch. Their ability to respond based on their experience and sound judgment should be sufficient to earn trust in the authority to shut down a system.[Fig. 8]

Figure 8 – Australia & New Zealand Safety Protocols –AS/NZS 4024.3610:2015. Proper pull wire locations.

If the current staff can’t be trusted to shut down the conveyor system without fearing the loss of their jobs, consider implementing a comprehensive training program that enhances their understanding of conveyor operations and safety. This will boost knowledge, morale, and trust between the staff and the organization.

Training Staff for Prevention

Comprehensive training is crucial for the system’s longevity and the staff’s well-being. While having an intimate knowledge of your OEM’s equipment is beneficial, it is important to select a training course that provides a broad understanding of conveyor and bulk handling safety and operations.[Fig. 9]

Figure 9 – Advanced training offered by seasoned professionals happens both inside classrooms and with boots on the site.

Martin Engineering offers one of the world’s most comprehensive onsite and online conveyor training programs with its Foundations™ training textbooks and resources. Written by industry experts, the books have become standard in several vocational programs. The Foundations Learning Center has the largest free online archive of training resources in the bulk handling industry, presented by knowledgeable and engaging trainers. It uses a mix of text, graphics, videos, webinars, online events, and live experts available to answer questions.

Good Morale = Better Operations

One universal truth in bulk handling is that the easier a job or task is to accomplish, the more likely it is to be completed consistently. The result is higher morale and a clean, efficient operation with only brief hiccups of unscheduled downtime. Believe it or not, this approach to Production Done Safely represents a cultural shift for many companies.

If equipment is allowed to reach the point of failure, it will fail completely regarding function, efficiency, and safety. The resulting downtime will take longer to repair, likely necessitate complete replacement, and be far more expensive than adhering to a preventative maintenance schedule. By understanding the conveyor system and seeking expert consultation from a reputable source, maximum efficiency and optimum safety can be achieved.

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